Weed of the Week: Pearlwort (Sagina procumbens)

Weed of the Week: Pearlwort (Sagina procumbens)

By Laurence Gale

What is a weed? By definition a weed is a plant that is growing in the wrong place. Weeds take valuable space, water, sunlight and nutrients that may otherwise be accessible to important crops, in our case turf grasses. Weeds not only compete for these resources they can disfigure and cause problems to playing surfaces.

Weeds are very good competitors and take advantage of any opportunities to colonise turf situations, particularly when the sward is under stress and weak, leaving bare soil areas for weeds to populate. Weeds have many mechanisms and characteristics that enable them to do this, having thick waxy cuticle leaves that can be resistant to some chemicals, fast reproduction methods, the ability to reseed in 6 week cycles and deep tap roots enabling the weed to survive in compacted dry ground conditions.

Weeds have one of three life cycles: annual; biennial or perennial.

• Annual weeds: Live for a single season. These weeds germinate from seed in the spring or summer, flower and then die.
• Biennial weeds: Live for two seasons. During the first growing season, these weeds remain in a vegetative stage and, in the following year, produce flowers, set seed and die.
• Perennial weeds: Live for multiple seasons and flower more than once. Perennial structures (rhizomes, stolons, crowns, entire plants or roots) survive from year to year.

Some weeds may be harmful to the environment or noxious to your regional ecology. For example Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia Japonica) is fast becoming a major weed problem on road side verges and urban landscape areas, a very difficult weed to eradicate. It is very important to recognise weeds and seek effective controls methods to eradicate them from our facilities.

Weeds can also be used as an indicator of soil conditions. For example, knotweed and plantains both indicate soil compaction because they can maintain adequate root respiration at lower oxygen diffusion levels than other plants. Different weeds tolerate different soil conditions, some are alkaline loving and others acid loving. Getting to understand and recognise the physiology of these plants will help you become better turfgrass managers.

This week's weed is: Pearlwort (Sagina procumbens)

Scientific name Family Life cycle	Sagina procumbens Caryophyllaceae Perennial
Form / Appearance	Pearlwort is a perennial mat-forming plant with narrow leaves and tiny white flowers. Pearlwort can become a troublesome weed when allowed to spread and establish in turf. This weed can populate most soil conditions very quickly by seed. Pearlwort is a good indicator of moist/wet conditions and is often mistaken for moss in lawns. Swards that are maintained at low mowing heights below 6mm (golf and bowling greens) are susceptible to invasion from this weed.
Roots	Pearlwort easily develops rooting structures from its stem nodes, producing fine like roots that can invade most soil conditions.
Flowers	Flowers are white and small and inconspicuous and are seen flowering from April to September. The flowers are generally found on long stems near the tips of the branches.
Leaves	Leaves are very narrow and thin, having quite a thick cuticle which enables Pearlwort to be resistant to weed killers. Leaves are linear; the upper leaf surface is mostly smooth. Leaves are opposite and may appear whorled around the stem.
Reproductive method	Pearlwort produces an incredible number of small seeds which can be spread by mowing and foot traffic. Pearlwort also spreads as foliage grows across the soil surface rerooting at the internodes. Seedlings emerge from soil with foliage that looks identical to mature foliage.
Habitat	Pearlwort is commonly found in coastal areas and in areas of moist, frequently irrigated turf. It can form prostrate to mounding clumps 5cm in height, and has often been sold as a ground covering plant material for landscaping.
Miscellaneous info	Pearlwort is often associated with excess water in containerised plants. Pearlwort is in the Pink family, and thus closely related to carnations and dianthus plants.
Cultural Control	Keep the sward dense and healthy to prevent Pearlwort establishing. It is best to eradicate Pearlwort as quickly as you can, as this weed can prove difficult to control once established. Appropriate cultural management of the turf, aeration, feeding and regular mowing will ensure that the sward remains dense, reducing the opportunity of bare soil becoming a seed bed for Pearlwort.
Chemical Control	Spray with a systemic weedkiller that is absorbed through the leaves of the plant, the active ingredient makes its way through the cells of the plant down to the root. It kills these first and then the foliage starts to die off. Pearlwort is a persistent weed and may need further applications of weedkiller often repeat spraying after 6-8 weeks. Apply selective broadleaf herbicides when plant growth is active. There are a number of products available for controlling broad leaf weeds in established turf. These chemicals are best used when the weeds are actively growing, usually between April-October. Tritox (Contains 178g/L (16.2%w/w) MCPA 54.g/L(4.9%w/w) mecoprop-p and 15g/L (1.4%w/w) dicamba and potassium salts. Scotts. Intrepid 2. (Contains 20.8g/L dicamba,166g/L dichlorprop-p ans 166.5g/L MCPA). Scotts. Greenor. (Contains: 40g/L fluroxypyr, 20g/L clopyralid and 200g/L MCPA). Rigby Taylor. Bastion T. (Contains: 72g/L fluroxypyr and 300g/L mecoprop-p ). Rigby Taylor. Dormone (Contains 465g/L2,4-D(38.1%w/w) as the diethanolamine salt). A herbicide which can be used near water. Bayer Environmental Science. Supertox 30 (Contains 95g/L (8.8%w/w) mecoprop-p and 93.5g/L(8.7%w/w) as the diethanolamine salts). Bayer Environmental Science. These herbicides are usually applied as a liquid using watering cans, knapsack sprayers and vehicle mounted sprayers. Ensure you follow manufacturer's directions, health & safety and product data sheets, and comply with COSHH regulations when using these chemicals.